Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay

Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay shipping by its nature is a truly(prenominal) agonistic and a very complex industry. Martin Stopford, 1997 Shipping companies have to operate on a ball-shaped scale and manage offices all around the world and work with a diverse work force. Merchant shipping is one of the most super regulated industries in the world. Hence information schemas play a very important role in the steering of the shipping society. In this hear we will analyse a case study of how Hanjin shipping employ information forms grow as a leading shipping company. Hanjin is a global transportation and Logistics troupe. (Hanjin shipping, 2010).The company operates around 200 ships, mainly container vessels, fuck up tankers and bulk carriers. Hanjin ships are trading worldwide. Hanjin transport cargo to more than 100million loads a year to 6000 destinations worldwide. (Hanjin shipping, 2010) Companys sales meshwork includes 200 international sev eralize offices and 30 corporations. Over all the company is exaggerateing rapidly on a global scale and is too venturing into parvenu shipping related trading. bank stemma problemsHanjin was increasing its global operations by opening new container terminals, acquire new large ships, going in alliance with container lines. Hanjin lacked the logistics needed to be competent in the container industry. Its 10 year old ERP systems lacked functionality and flexibility required to operate such a complex and big organisation (Oracle 2008). Hanjin understand that without end to end logistics resolvents they cannot compete in container business. Hanjin to a fault faced problems exacting procurement costs and to meet the global regulatory requirements (Oracle 2008). The selective information parade system was done manually and hence it was time consuming and prone to errors. Hanjin have a work force of around 4000 which are use all around the world. It was increasing difficult for Hanjin to manage such a large and diverse work force.Solution to Hanjin problemsAs a solution to the problems Hanjin was facing due to its global expansion it refractory to launch act upon innovation go out. The physical process innovation purpose was to establish carry ond management structure and strengthening its organisational capabilities. (Sustainability traverse, 2006). The protrude applied to business process and government structure as well as the corporate cultures based on adopting the advanced IT infrastructure. (Sustainability report, 2006, p.27). Hanjin decided to re-engineer their business process using best dedicate models for their ERP systems so as to gain global competitiveness. This system was going to be a long term solution, it will not directly manoeuvre on balance sheet notwithstanding it will be plan for launching new business projects (Business report 2006). Hanjin also decided to permutation to guest based business by ensuring good servic e and change magnitude customer satisfaction.Process Innovation ProjectThe process innovation project team was assembled in October 2004 and then they spent 5 months for mapping the new systems and the process. The project will be implemented gradually on a measuring by step basis. The process innovation project was to be implemented during a period of 3 years. origination (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27)The main work out of process innovation was to be customer centred and a profitability oriented management company. The information system employ to re-in force the organisational capabilities and will prepare the management to be more customers focused.The information system development contracts were habituated to companies which were best in the business (Oracle, 2008). ERP was condition to ORACLE while others were given to Siebel and Hyperion. During the process of project Oracle acquired Siebel and Hyperion which resulted in circular-knit integration and custo mer support. (Oracle, 2008).Information Systems(ERP) Enterprise Resource planning Enterprise system integrates the primeval business processes into single system. In this system the flow of information is seamless throughout the organisation (Laudon laudon, 2007).Hanjins Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Internal systemInternal systemSource Author generatedHanjin integrated business process such as finance and accounting, capital asset planning, human resource, procurement process. They used these for smooth flow of information in their internal system. The companys elderly management was involved in the projects implementation. The Managing director and CIO of Hanjin Shipping said that To repair our global competitiveness, we needed an IT solution that supported extensive process reengineering (Oracle, 2008, pg.1). Hanjin decided to invest about 57.7 million USD on this project. They standardised the management and info collections methods, restructured the flow of data betwee n their business systems and prepared a lexicon so as to make it easier for the staff to follow new system. As the system was implemented on a step by step basis, gradually the staff could see the benefits of the system and they were not resilient to changes, but they were will to share information in between different divisions. Company also adopted other best practice guidelines such as training and educating the staff, use of software support and maintenance.Benefits of Information systemSource (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27)The above diagram is explained using the generic model of 6Cs for explaining business benefits. commence Cost The e-sourcing system assisted them to procure products from a list of suppliers and they were benefited from competitive pricing which resulted in procurement costs. Cost saving per customer was increase due to increased skill (Oracle, 2008).Improved Communication As the data was consolidated into a single system, hence staff gained an integrated take of operations (Oracle, 2008).Improved Management Control New ERP systems and re-engineering process helped in improved business management. This gave the managers a jazz view of the companys operations and also equipped the staff with detailed information they required to plan, execute and evaluate complex initiatives. The managers were also able to make decisions and ensure problems were addressed immediately. surgical procedure evaluation was easier and could be easily done on a global basis and medium and long term system planning could be done due to data availability. (Oracle, 2008)New Capability HR computer programme helped in improving the dexterity of the department. The new system helped the managers to view complete history of the staff and also discard applications. This resulted in increased efficiency of HR staff which could focus more on attracting and retaining skilled employees and also train them. (Oracle, 2008)Improved Customer Service Due to its service network it could respond faster to customers demands. Detailed sales and marketing plans could be developed. (Oracle, 2008) belligerent Advantage Hanjin got the recognition of a reliable logistics partner. (Sustainability report, 2008). In April 2008 Hanjin got the highest awards in logistics in Korea. (Sustainability report, 2008).Future business plansThe project improved the overall performance of the company process. In future company aims to invest more in their IT systems which aims to complement their management systems as well as front office work. (Business report 2007). As the internal system implementation was completed the company today is ready to develop shipping/logistics related business which will father the companys next driving forces. Banking on their internal system they are stepping nestled to become a Global logistics company. They are also planning to expand its 3PL (3rd party logistics) business by extending its global network (Hanjin Shipping , 2008). In line with their Process Innovation project they have also launched another project Knowledge management. (Sustainability report, 2008)ConclusionThe project taken by Hanjin to rebuild its business process by the use of information systems was strategically very important. Hanjin is a global organisation with different functions, organisational levels and many business processes hence ERP system was the correct choice of information system. This project became the base to implement advance business process which complement their information systems and also increase the efficiency of the company. It helped the company to be more customers focused which is a key strategy in current times. They could venture into new aspects of business such as logistics. The selection of Oracle and Siebel was also correct because they were the best in the business. Hanjin make correct decision by integrating all systems together. The acquisition of Siebel and Hyperion by Oracle ensured that the systems have seamless integration and continuous support. The information systems which they used were in line with their business strategies which resulted in success of the project.

Case of Cladophialophora caroinii Chromoblastomycosis

suit of Cladophialophora caroinii ChromoblastomycosisA R atomic number 18 Case of Cladophialophora caroinii Chromoblastomycosis in a Skin join RecipientRoy PK, Dudhat VL, Prasanna SIntroductionChromoblastomycosis, also called chromomycosis is a sub cutaneal inveterate mycosis caused by dematiaceous (black) kingdom Fungi.1 The most frequently isolated organisms are Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora. verrucosa, Cladosporium carrioni, and little frequently, Rhinocladiella aquaspersa.2 It Progresses slowly and involves exposed body parts. It is characterised by crusted and raised lesions. The fungi establish as sclerotic bodies in the lesions, which is a pathognomic feature of this disease. It is distri scarcelyed worldwide. unless it is most comm all seen in tropical and subtropical regions.1 C. caroinii has been leveled sole(prenominal) sporadically in India in a few case reports.3,4,5,6,7 We present a rare case of chromoblastomycosis by C. caroinii.Case DescriptionA 40 year old male long-suffering, presented to the surgery OPD with cutaneous ulcerationation all over right knee after a fall injury, non associated with fever or pain. The diligent was admitted in a tertiary wish centre, I.V antibiotics and daily dressing had been done. The swabs from the base of the ulcer had been sent for bacterial goal and sensitivity, shown no crop. later on a few daylights of treatment ulcer was healing with good margins and base.Patient was discharged with oral antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. After one month patient came back for review to OPD with hypopigmented patch over the right knee. The patient was referred to plastic surgery department and skin ingraft was done. The graft was taken from the right back. The patient was administered with I.V steroids, antibiotics and oral anti-inflammatory agents. The patient was discharged with oral steroids with tapering dose and antibiotics.After two calendar weeks period, patient developed soft non-raised fluctuating swelling post skin graft over the same region (right knee). Differential diagnosis of cutaneous terbium and aspergilloma was made. The FNAC was carried out from the swelling, from which frank pus was aspirated. The pus sample was forwarded for bacterial culture, fungal and mycobacterial culture. The bacterial cultures, both aerobically and anaerobically showed no growth. The sample was negative for acid strong bacilli by Ziehl Neelsen suckering. However, KOH mount and Gomoris methenamine silver (GMS) stain showed septate hyaline hyphae. The GMS stain revealed few grey black round structures bar around 6-10 m, suggestive of Medlar or sclerotic or strapper cent bodies.The culture of the pus sample, on Lowenstein-Jensen medium showed no growth after eight weeks of incubation. However, culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol revealed slow growing fungus, which was first of all observed on the tenth day and gradually matured over next three weeks. Th e growth was ab initio grey-green which slowly turned to olive-green with cottony folded out texture and with a jet-propelled plane black reverse after three weeks of incubation at 25C. The lacto phenol cotton blue (LPCB) preparation, from the culture showed septate hyaline hyphae with acropetal long chains of conidia suggestive of Chladophialophora species. The fungus showed growth at 37C, but not at 42-45C and urease negative. Based on these findings the fungus was identified as Chladophialophora carrionii.The patient was diagnosed to have subcutaneous mycosis (chromoblastomycosis) with the presence of sclerotic bodies and the activating(prenominal) organism was identified as Chladophialophora carrionii. The patient was started on oral itraconazole and he showed good improvement in the condition.DiscussionAs first described by Medlar in 1915, the term chromoblastomycosis is used for cases in which sclerotic bodies are present in tissue. Sclerotic bodies, also know as Medlar bod ies, are globe-shaped, cigar-colored, thick-walled structures that are 4-12 m in diameter.8 The trump name to define the disease was recommended as chromoblastomycosis by the planetary decree for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM).9 The term chromoblastomycosis (chromo coloured, blasto budding, mycosis fungal) was coined by Terra et al in 1922 to define a polymorphic fungal disease located on lower limbs, consisting of nodular or verrucous plaques which could probably ulcerate and develop into hyperkeratosis and acanthosis of the touch epithelial tissues.10 This condition is often misdiagnosed as it is clinically indistinguishable from terbium verrucosa cutis, squamous cell carcinoma, palmo-plantar psoriasis, and sporotrichosis.11,12,13 In this case also, a differential diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis was kept in mind. The typical histopathological findings of cutaneous chromoblastomycosis are mark epitheliomatous hyperplasia, microabscesses, chronic granulomatous infilt rates with multinucleate giant cells, epithelioid cells, histiocytes and lymphocytes and presence of copper penny bodies.14 in this case we found septate hyphae and sclerotic bodies on GMS stain of FNAC sample. Certain non-pathogenic or contaminant fungi such as Paecilomyces spp and genus Penicillium spp. may be sometimes confused with Cladophialophora carrionii. Although both these fungi develop long chains of elliptical conidia, the conidia arise from structures such as metula and phialides, which are not seen in C. carrionii. Both these fungi are rapid growers, unlike C. carrionii, which grows very slowly. Moreover, these non-pathogenic fungi usually form greenish white or greenish brown colonies with no pigment on the reverse, in strain to the jet black reverse of C. carrionii, which helps in correct identification of this fungi.15 However, C. carrionii should be differentiated from other similar dematiaceous fungi such as Cladophialophora bantiana and Fonsecaea pedrosoi. C. bantiana has the faculty to grow at 42-43C, which can be used to differentiate it from C.carrionii. unlike Cladophialophora spp., Fonsecaea spp. produce short chains of five or less conidia. Moreover, in Fonsecaea spp. At least two of the three types of anamorphic conidiation (rhinocladiella, phialophora, cladosporium) will be seen.15 Slide culture technique will be useful for comme il faut identification of the above-mentioned features.15 Surgery was considered the treatment of choice for chromoblastomycosis before the orgasm of triazole antifungal agents.16 However, currently with the availability of potent antifungal agents, chemotherapy has become the first-line of treatment with itraconazole and terbinafine being the drugs of choice, while surgery is used moreover for limited or small lesions.17 As there have been only few and sporadic case reports of chromoblastomycosis caused by C. caroinii from India, this case reports finds its importance.3,4,5,6,7ReferencesKalabhavi AS. Chromoblastomycosis Review article. International Journal of Current Research 2013 5(7)1691-5Silva JP, de Souza W, Rozental S. Chromoblastomycosis a retrospective subscribe to of 325 cases on Amazonic Region (Brazil). Mycopathologia 1998-1999143171-5.Pradeepkumar NS, Joseph NM. Chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in a child from India. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011 5(7)556-560.APTE G, GEDAM JR, POOJARY S, GURU N, PAI VV. Chromoblastomycosis in a case of borderline lepromatous leprosy with recurrent graphic symbol II lepra reaction. Lepr Rev (2011) 82, 3105Shanthala GB, Rudresh SM, Nagarathnamma T. Chromoblastomycosis A Case Report. Journal of clinical and Diagnostic Research 20115(4) 865-6Mandal RK, Banerjee S, Kumar P, Chakrabarti I. Non-healing verrucous plaque over upper limb for 1 year in a tea garden worker. Dermatology Online Journal 19 (3) 12Kindo AJ, Ramalakshmi S, Giri S, Abraham G. A Fatal Case of Prostatic Abscess in a Post-Renal Transplant Recipien t Caused by Cladophialophora carrionii. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 201324(1)76-9Medlar EM. A cutaneous infection caused by a new fungus Phialophora verrucosa with a consume of the fungus. J Med Res. 1915 32507-22.Odds FC, Arai T, Disalvo AF, et al. Nomenclature of fungal diseases a report and recommendations from a Sub-Committee of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). J Med warhorse Mycol. 1992 30(1)1-10.Terra F, Torres M, Fonseca Filho O. Novo tipo de dermatite verrucosa micose por Acrotheca com associado de leishmaniose. Brasil Medico. 1922 36363-8.Pradhan SV, Talwar OP, Ghosh A, Swami RM, Shiva Raj KC, Gupta S. Chromoblastomycosis in Nepal a study of 13 cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007 73 176-8Mohanty L, Mohanty P, Padhi T, Samantray S. Verrucous growth on leg. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2006 72 399-400.Nair PS, Sarojini PA. Chromoblastomycosis resembling sporotrichosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1993 59 125-6.Nirmala V, Ch acko CJ, Job CK. Tuberculoid leprosy and tuberculosis skin a comparative histopathological study. Lepr India 1977 49 65-9Fisher F, Cook NB. basics of Diagnostic Mycology. Philadelphia W.B.Saunders Company 1998 372Sayal SK, Prasad GK, Jawed KZ, Sanghi S, Satyanarayana S. Chromoblastomycosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 200268 233-4.Gupta AK, Taborda PR, Sanzovo AD. Alternate week and combination itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Brazil. Med Mycol 200240 529-534

Bio Fertilizer Industry In India

Bio Fertilizer Industry In IndiaBio-fertilizers ar advance in line live such beneficial microorganisms which on appli heaveion to origin, root or shit mobilize the accessibility of nutrients by their biological activity in particular, and help build up the micro-flora and in turn the discolouration goodness in general. An increasing turn of events of farmers and agriculturists argon turning to the commit of bio-fertilizers as these atomic number 18 gentler on the taint as against chemic substance fertilizers.It is easier to fully revalue the brilliance of bio-fertilizers when we k in a flash how harmful the chemic fertilizers for the injury and the acts atomic number 18. Chemical fertilizers be meant to boost the result of lay forbiddens and increase the fertility of the state however they baffle signifi pilet damage to the environment and besides human health by increasing the day by day concentration of nephrotoxic chemical in food. These chemical base d fertilizers also pack pulmonary tuberculosis of nitrogenous fertilizers or chemicals, are expensive and not as conveniently visible(prenominal). impertinent jumper(a) environmentally harmful chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers work on by nature construct up the resistance and enhance the nutritional value of the acres and the host make by adding primary nutrients.Application of exalted insert technologies has resulted in signifi behindt increase in agrarian productivity. There is, however, a becomeing concern near the adverse set up of indiscriminate accustom of chemical fertilizers on dishonor productivity and environmental gauge. For those looking at native land, bio-fertilizers make the perfect choice. A large flake of quite a little are realizing the value and benefit of living an eco-friendly life, and therefore the affect for innate products is ever increasing. Using bio-fertilizers is a great way to produce constituent(a) products and promote goo d health.The current question study is based on example the secondary data for the compend or food market of bio-fertilizer in India. Market compendium allow ins the annual need and output signal of different bio-fertilizers suppose wise in India and to find the root ca custom behind horrible rupture among want and mathematical product. This study give analyse the major(ip)(ip) bio-fertilizer producing supposes and identify major g overnment and non disposal manufacturers. In this report we also analysis the market revenue of bio-agri (bio-fertilizer) and constant increasing demand and ontogenesis reckon of this industry in India. And also analysis the strategies apply by the industry to increase the market of bio-fertilizer. Also, this study impart contribute in building a trend analysis for the production of bio-fertilizers in India over the pass away 10 years.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn the current scenario sensation of the major concerns faced by the agricultu re industry is the contamination and befoulment of soil. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused tremendous harm to the environment. There seems to be a growing concern round the adverse stamps of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers on soil productivity and environmental quality. An answer to this is the bio-fertilizer, an environmentally friendly fertilizer now used in nigh countries. Bio-fertilizers barricade micro-organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. These micro-organisms preparation in addition to nitrogen, large bar of thoroughgoing matter enriching quality of soil. Inoculants of these micro-organisms return proved their expert feasibility, sparing viability and social acceptability. They are therefore cal take as bio-fertilizer. Hence the precondition bio-fertilizer whitethorn be defined as those fertilizer which containing living or latent cells of efficient strains of the nitrogen machinateing, phosphorous solubilising or cellulolytice micro-organism.For those looking at fundamental farming, bio-fertilizers make. The perfect choice a large number of hatful are realizing the value and benefit of living an eco-friendly life, and therefore the demand for entire products is ever increasing. Using bio-fertilizers is a great way to produce ingrained products and promote good health.This seek study based on analysing the annual prerequisite and production of different bio-fertilizers raise wise in India set Tamil Nadu as the major biofertilizer producing defer of India. Other regions of production of biofertilizers are Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Chennai karnataka. The root cause behind tremendous gap betwixt requirement and production is existence of truly hardly a(prenominal) Biofertilizer producing organizations and less awareness of benefits of using biofertilizers over chemical fertilizers. This inquiry study also identified the major government and non government organizations producing bio fertilizers. Data enlisted in this report contributes in building a trend analysis for the production of biofertilizers in India over the last 10 years.CHAPTER 01INTRODUCTIONSALES MARKETING OF BIOFERTLIZERS IN INDIAINTRODUCTION wizard of the major concerns in todays world is the pollution and contamination of soil. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused tremendous harm to the environment. An answer to this is the biofertilizer, an environmentally friendly fertilizer now used in almost countries. Biofertilizers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. The of import cites of biofertilizers are bacterium, fungus kingdom, and Cynobacteria (blue-green algae). The most striking relationship that these move over with plants is mutualism, in which the assistants derive benefits from each other.Plants maintain a number of relationships with fungi, bacteria, and algae, the most normal of which are with Mycorrhiza, genus genus Rhizobium, and Cyanoph yceae. These are known to deliver a number of benefits including plant nutrition, disease resistance, and tolerance to adverse soil and climatic conditions. These techniques have proved to be successful biofertilizers that form a health relationship with the root. Biofertilizers will help to solve such problems as increased salinity of the soil and chemical run-offs from the agricultural fields. then, biofertilizers are important if we are to ensure a healthy future for the generations to come. These micro-organisms supply in addition to nitrogen, gigantic tally of positive matter enriching structure of soil. Inoculants of these micro-organisms have proved their technical feasibility, economic viability and social acceptability. They are therefore called as biofertilizer. Hence the status biofertilizer or microbial inoculants may be defined as preparations containing living or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen arrested development, phosphorous solubilising or cellu lolytice micro-organism.There is, however, a growing concern about the adverse effects of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers on soil productivity and environmental quality. For those looking at total farming, biofertilizers make the perfect choice. A large number of people are realizing the value and benefit of living an eco-friendly life, and therefore the demand for essential products is ever increasing. Using biofertilizers is a great way to produce organic products and promote good health.Therefore, the current search study is based on analysing the annual requirement and production of different bio-fertilizers state wise in India to find the root cause behind tremendous gap between requirement and production. This study will analyse state wise production of sundry(a) biofertilizers and identify major government and non government manufacturers meeting the requirements. Results from this research study would d unsanded inference on major government and non governmen t manufacturers as well as find out the major state in India producing biofertilizers. Also, this study will contribute in building a trend analysis for the production of biofertilizers in India over the last 10 years.1.1 OBJECTIVESTo analyse the annual production and sale of Biofertilizers in IndiaEstimate state wise production and consumption of BiofertilizersAnalyse Marketing conditions in the Biofertilizers market of IndiaTo predict the future production and consumption by Trend analysis1.2 RESEARCH PLAN The study will begin with collecting raw data of all the material available on the internet, published articles, and various(a) journals and thereafter tabulate the data amass to perform an ordered analysis of major biofertilizer producing states of India, check the prevalent trend in the production and gross revenue during the last ten years. Time consideration to collect extensive make sense of data would be three months and the research results shall be show statistically in the form of graphs and charts so as to ease the lowstanding of the gap between production and availability of biofertilizers in the Indian market.1.3 METHODOLOGY This research study is primarily based on extensive secondary research data available in the various published research reports and annual reports of various government and non-government organizations. The study begins with collecting raw data out of all the material available on the internet, published articles, and various journals and thereafter tabulating the data to construct graphs and charts to bring about various analysis of state wise production and sales of the major biofertilizers.1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCHSince the data collected is secondary data, no primary research results could be utilized deciphering that legitimate amount of data could be outdated or obsolete.No research study or survey has been conducted till date to rate the pass on 10 or top 5 Biofertilizer producing companies on India alt hough top 20 companies producing chemical fertilizers can be enlisted.No research study has been conducted to study the contribution of sales of biofertilizers to the economy of India.There exist various research gaps to statistically estimate the trend of biofertilizer production since the first year of its commercial-grade-grade production in India.CHAPTER 02LITERATURE REVIEW2. ROLE OF BIOFERTILIZERSBiofertilizers have explicit advantage over chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers supply not nevertheless nitrogen whereas biofertilizers provide in addition to nitrogen authorized growth promoting substances identical hormones, vitamins, amino acids, etc., crops have to be provided with chemical fertilizers repeatedly to replenish the loss of nitrogen utilized for crop growth. On the other mint biofertilizers supply the nitrogen continuously throughout the entire period of crop growth in the field under favorable conditions. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers adverse ly affects the soil structure whereas biofertilizers when applied to soil remediate the soil structure. The deleterious effects of chemical fertilizers are that they are toxic at higher doses. Biofertilizers, however, have no toxic effects.It may be borne in mind that biofertilizers are no substitute for chemical fertilizers. At present, the use of chemical fertilizers is far down the stairs the recommended level. Therefore, the aim and object of send of biofertilizers technology as a Industry has to build up aptitude in use of chemical fertilizers supplemented by low cost inoculants to the close possible.Main constraints in spread of biofertilizers as an Industry are production and supply of efficient cultures of microorganisms to farmers well before sowing. Secondly, Quality restrict location and miss of publicity, etc. Besides, whatever biofertilizers are prepared are not reached to farmers preceding to sowing. At many places they are given free of cost, which lowers do wn the splendour of product and farmers dont use them carefully. Sometimes, biofertilizers are supplied after end point date and because expected results are not obtained. A quality control aspect is the most important in biofertilizers. Now a day most of the products sold in the market are below standard. A few entrepreneurs possess ISI mark for their products. The government has no control over manufacturers of biofertilizers in any of the states of India. Hence farmers are confused about rates, quality and expiry dates of biofertilizers. Similar is the case of prices they are varied from place to place. (Panlada Tittabutra, et. Al., 2006)Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and recollective term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Though the use of chemical inputsin agriculture is inevitable to meet the growing demand fo r food in world, there are opportunities in selected crops and niche areas where organic production can be encouraged to tape the domestic merchandise market. Bio-fertilizers are being essential component of organic farming are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, inorganic phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic micro-organisms used for natural covering to origin, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing number of such micro-organisms and accelerate those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers play a very significant subprogram in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospherical nitrogen, both, in tie-up with plant rootsand without it, solubilise insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil. They are in fact being promoted to collect the naturally available, biological system of nutrient mobilizat ion (Venkatashwarlu, 2008a). The single-valued function and importance of biofertilizers in sustainable crop production has been reviewed by several authors (Biswas et al. 1985 Wani and Lee, 1995 Katyal et al. 1994). save the progress in the field of BF production technology remained always below satisfaction in Asia because of various constraints. It may be noted, exactly 30 % of Indias total cultivable area is covered with fertilizers where irrigation facilities are available and the stay 70 % of the arable land, which is mainly rain fed, very negligible amount of fertilizers are being used. Farmers in these areas often use organic manures as a source of nutrients that are readily available either in their own farm or in their locality. The North- Eastern (NE) region of India provides considerable opportunity for organic farming due to least utilization of chemical inputs. It is estimated that 18 million hectare of such land is available in the NE that can be exploited for orga nic production. With the sizable acreage under naturally organic/default organic cultivation, India has tremendous scum bagential to grow crops organically and emerge as a major supplier of organic products in worlds organic market (Venkatashwarlu. 2008a) The report of Task Force on Organic Farming appointed by the Government of India also detect that in vast areas of the country, where limited amount of chemicals are used and have low productivity could be exploited as potential areas to better into organic agriculture. Arresting the decline of soil organic matter is the most potent weapon in fighting against unabated soil humiliation and imperiled sustainability of agriculture in tropical regions of India, particularly those under the influence of arid, semiarid and sub-humid climate. Application of organic manures particularly bio-fertilizers is the only option to improve the soil organic carbon for sustenance of soil quality and future agricultural productivity (Ramesh,2008) .2.1 WHY TO EXPLORE BIO-FERTILIZERSIndiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers has led to the pollution and contamination of the soil, polluted water basins, destroyed micro-organisms and friendly insects, do the crop more(prenominal)(prenominal) prone to diseases and reduced soil fertility. Demand is oft higher than the availability. It is estimated that by 2020, to achieve the targeted production of 321 million tonnes of food grain, the requirement of nutrient will be 28.8 million tonnes, season their availability will be only 21.6 million tones being a deficit of about 7.2 million tones. Depleting feedstock/fossil fuels (energy crisis) and increasing cost of fertilizers. This is becoming unaffordable by downhearted and marginal farmers. Soil fertility depletes due to widening gap between nutrient removal and supplies. There is a huge concern about such environmental hazards which increases threat to sustainable agriculture. Besides the above facts, the long term use of bio- fertilizers is economical, eco-friendly, more efficient, productive and accessible to marginal and gnomish farmers over chemical fertilizers (Venkataraman and Shanmugasundaram, 1992).2.2 Balanced use of Chemical Bio-fertilizersThe annual requirement and production of different bio-fertilizers has clearly demonstrated tremendous gap in this area. Thus, a strategy for judicious combination of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers will be economically viable and ecological useful. It should be recommended that biofertilizers are not a substitute, but a supplement to chemical fertilizers for maximizing not only the reappearance but also agro system stability.2.3 Characteristic features of some Bio-fertilizersRhizobium- Belongs to family Rhizobiaceae, dependent in nature, fix nitrogen 50-100 kg/ha. With leguminous plants only. It is useful for beat legumes desire chickpea, red-gram, pea, lentil,black gram, etc., oil-seed legumes like soybean and groundnut and forage legumes like berseem and lucerne. It colonizes the roots of specific legumes to form tumour like growths called root tubercles, which acts as factories of ammonia production. Rhizobium has ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with legumes and certain nonlegumes like Parasponia. Rhizobium population in the soil depends on the presence of legume crops in the field.Azospirillum- Belongs to family Spirilaceae, heterotrophic and associative in nature. In addition to their nitrogen fixing ability of about 20-40 kg/ha, they also produce growth regulating substances. The Azospirillum form associative symbiosis with many plants particularly with those having the C4-dicarboxyliac path way of photosynthesis (Hatch and Slack pathway), because they grow and fix nitrogen on salts of organic acids such as malic, aspartic acid (Arun, 2007a). Thus it is mainly recommended for gamboge, sugarcane, sorghum, pearl millet etc. They do not, however, produce any perceptible nodules or out gr owth on root tissue.Azotobacter- Belongs to family Azotobacteriaceae, aerobic, free living, and heterotrophic in nature. Azotobacters are present in neutral or alcalescent soils and A. chroococcum is the most commonly occurring. species in arable soils.. The number of Azotobacter rarely exceeds of 104 to cv g-1 of soil due to lack of organic matter and presence of ill-sorted microorganisms in soil. The bacterium produces anti-fungal antibiotics which inhibits the growth of several pathogenic fungi in the root region thereby preventing seedling mortality to a certain extent. The separate culture of Azotobacter fixes about 10 mg nitrogen g-1 of carbon source under in vitro conditions. The occurrence of this organism has been reported from the rhizosphere of a number of crop plants such as rice, maize, sugarcane, bajra, vegetables and plantation crops, (Arun, 2007a).Blue Green algae (Cyanobacteria) and genus Azolla -These belongs to eight different families, phototrophic in nature and produce Auxin, Indole acetic acid and Gibberllic acid, fix 20-30 kg N/ha in go down rice fields as they are abundant in paddy, so also referred as paddy organisms. Most N fixing BGA are filamentous, consisting of chain of vegetative cells including specialized cells called heterocyst which function as micro nodule for synthesis and N fixing machinery. BGA forms symbiotic association capable of fixing nitrogen with fungi, liverworts, ferns and flowering plants, but the most common symbiotic association has been found between a free floating aquatic fern, the Azolla and Anabaena azollae (BGA). Besides N- fastener, these biofertilizers or biomanures also contribute significant amounts of P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Mb and other micronutrient. India has recently introduced some species of Azolla for their large biomass production, which are A.caroliniana, A. microphylla, A. filiculoides and A. mexicana.Phosphate solubilizers -Several reports have examined the ability of different bacterial sp ecies to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate. Among the bacterial genera with this capacity are pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Burkholderia, Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Microccocus, Aereobacter, Flavobacterium and Erwinia. There are considerable populations of phosphatesolubilizing bacteria in soil and in plant rhizospheres. These include both aerobic and anaerobic strains, with a prevalence of aerobic strains in submerged soils. A considerably higher concentration of phosphate solubilizing bacteria is commonly found in the rhizosphere in comparison with non rhizosphere soil (Raghu and Macrae, 2000). The soil bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus and Fungi are more common. The major microbiological core by which insoluble-P compounds are mobilized is by the production of organic acids, accompanied by acidification of the medium.Phosphate absorbers Mycorrhiz a (an ancient symbiosis in organic agriculture)- The term Mycorrhiza denotes fungus roots. It is a symbiotic association between host plants and certain group of fungi at the root system, in which the fungal partner is benefited by obtaining its carbon requirements from the photosynthates of the host and the host in turn is benefited by obtaining the much needed nutrients especially phosphorus, calcium, copper, surface etc.,Zinc solubilizers The nitrogen fixers like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, BGA and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria like B. magaterium, Pseudomonas striata, and phosphate mobilizing Mycorrhiza have been widely accepted as bio-fertilizers (Subba Roa, 2001a). However these supply only major nutrients like zinc, iron, copper etc., zinc being tmost important is found in the earths crust to the tune of 0.008 per cent but more than 50 per cent of Indian soils exhibit deficiency of zinc with content must below the unfavourable level of 1.5 ppm of available zi nc (Katyal and Rattan, 1993). There appears to be two main mechanisms of zinc fixation, one operates in acidic soils and is closely related with cat ion exchange and other operates in alkaline conditions where fixation takes by means of chemisorptions, ( chemisorptions of zinc on calcium carbonate formed a solid-solution of ZnCaCO3), and by complexation of organic ligands (Alloway, 2008). The zinc can be solubilized by microorganisms viz., B. subtilis, Thiobacillus thioxidans and Saccharomyces sp. These microorganisms can be used as bio-fertilizers for solubilization of fixed micronutrients like zinc (Raj, 2007). The results have shown that a Bacillus sp. (Zn solubilizing bacteria) can be used as bio-fertilizer for zinc or in soils where native zinc is higher or in conjunction with insoluble cheaper zinc compounds like zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) instead of costly zinc sulphate (Mahdi et al. 2010). capability map of bio-fertilizers in agricultur e Nitrogen-fixers (NFs) Phosphate solubilizers (PSBs)The internalisation of bio-fertilizers (Nfixers) plays major role in improving soil fertility, pay off attributing characters and thereby final pay has been reported by many workers (Subashini et al. 2007a Kachroo and Razdan, 2006 Son et al. 2007). In addition, their application in soil improves soil biota and minimizes the sole use of chemical fertilizers (Subashini et al. 2007a). low temperate conditions, vaccination of Rhizobium improved number of pods plant-1, number of seed pod-1 and 1000-seed weight (g) and thereby yield over the control. The number of pods plant-1, number of seed pod-1 and 1000-seed weight (g) recorded were 25.5, 17.1 and 4.7 per cent more over the control, respectively which was statistically significant Bhat et al. (2009). In rice under low land conditions, the application of BGA+ Azospirillum proved significantly beneficial in improving LAI and all yield attributing aspects. Grain yield and harves t index also exhibit a discernable increase with use of biofertilizers (Dar and Bali, 2007). Afzal, (2006) found that seed and stalking yield of green gram increased significantly up to single inoculation with Rhizobium under 20 kg N + 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 fertility level. Field trials carried out in different locations have demonstrated that under certain environmental and soil conditions inoculation with azotobacteria has beneficial effects on plant yields. The effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on vegetative growth and yields of maize has been studied by numerous authors (Hussain et al., 1987 Martinez Toledo et al., 1988 Nieto and Frankenberger, 1991 Mishra et al., 1995 Pandey et al., 1998 Radwan, 1998), as well as the effect of inoculation with this bacterium on wheat (Emam et al., 1986 Rai and Gaur, 1988 Tippanavar and Reddy, 1993, Elshanshoury, 1995 Pati et al., 1995 Fares, 1997a). Alkaline phosphatase activity in the peach roots was highest with Azotobacter chroococcum + P fertili zer (Godara et al., 1995). Results of a greenhouse pot experiments with onion showed that application of G. fasciculatum + A. chrooccocum + 50% of the recommended P rate resulted in the sterling(prenominal) root length, plant height, bulb girth, bulb fresh weight, root village and P uptake (Mandhare et al. 1998). Inoculation with Azotobacter + Rhizobium + VAM gave the highest increase in straw and grain yield of wheat plants with rock phosphate as a Pfertilizer (Fares, 1997a). Elgala et al. (1995) concluded that with microbial inoculation rock phosphate could be used as cheap source of P in alkaline soils and that unite inoculation could reduce the rate of fertilizer required to maintain high productivity. It is an established fact that the efficiency of phosphatic fertilizers is very low (15-20%) due to its fixation in acidic and alkaline soils and unfortunately both soil types are predominating in India accounting more than 34% acidity touch and more than seven million hectares of productive land salinity/alkaline affected (Yawalkar et al., 2000). Therefore, the inoculations with PSB and other useful microbial inoculants in these soils become mandatory to make and maintain the effective microbial populations for solubilization of chemically fixed phosphorus and availability of other macro and micronutrients to harvest good sustainable yield of various crops. Commercial exploitation of phosphatic microbial inoculants can play an important role particularly in making the direct use of abundantly available low grade phosphate possible. Among the bacterial genera with this capacity are pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Burkholderia, Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Microccocus, Aereobacter, Flavobacterium and Erwinia. Beside N-fixation and P-solubilization, the incorporation of nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter spp.) under the commercial name cerealien and phosphate dissolving bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) phosphorien has shown the highest degree in inducin g the degree of the physiologic tolerance to salinity which enables the stressed plants of the Seets cultivar of wheat to be adapted and keep better performance against all applied levels of salinity (3000, 6000 and 9000 ppm). This performance was reflected by the increase in growth, dry matter accumulation, yield as well as chemical constituents. All chemicals constituents including N, P, K+, sugars, proline and were increased as compared to their control treatments in the cultivar Seets. Mohmoud and Mohamad, 2008.MycorrhizaeThe fungi that are probably most abundant in agricultural soils are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. They account for 5- 50% of the biomass of soil microbes (Olsson et al., 1999). Biomass of hyphae of AM fungi may amount to 54-900 kg ha-1 (Zhu and Miller, 2003), and some products formed by them may account for another 3000 kg (Lovelock et al., 2004). Pools of organic carbon such as glomalin produced by AM fungi may even exceed soil microbial biomass by a fact or of 10-20 (Rillig et al., 2001). The external mycelium attains as much as 3% of root weight (Jakobsen and Rosendahl, 1990). Approximately 10-100 m mycorrhizal mycelium can be found per cm root (McGonigle and Miller, 1999). The mineral acquisition from soil is considered to be the primary role of mycorrhizae, but they play various other roles as well which are of utmost important.CHAPTER 03BIOFERTILIZER SECTORS IN INDIA OVERVIEWBio-fertilizers sector in India An OverviewIndian Biotechnology industry is considered as one of the sunrise sectors in India. The industry can be classified into five different segments. Biopharma,Agri-biotech, Bio informatics, Bio-industrial and Bio function with each concentrating on a particular area.Bio pharma deals with the production of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, while the end products of the biotech industry find two different kinds of buyers.Agri-biotech comprises of crossbred seeds and transgenic crops, biopesticides and biofertiliz ers.Bio informatics creates and maintains the extensive electronic databases on various biological systems.Bioservices market usually deals with clinical trial, contract research and manufacturing activities.Bio Industrial industry comprises of enzyme manufacturing and marketing companies and these enzymes are used in detergent, textile, food, leather, paper and pharmaceutical industry.Agri-biotech comprises of hybrid seeds and transgenic crops, biopesticides and biofertilizers.Agri-biotech comprises of hybrid seeds and transgenic crops, biopesticides and biofertilizers.t4ind15_fig2.jpgBio-Agri is deals with the hybrid seeds and transgenic crops, biopesticides and one most important biofertilizer. Biofertilizer market in India growing with the rate of 12% by 2011-12. The first documented production of bio-fertilizers in the form of Rhizobium in India was in 1934 by M.R. Madhok (Yadav Raychaudhuri, 2004), but the first commercial production was initiated only in 1956 at the Indian Agricultural enquiry Institute, New Delhi and Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore. Growth in production remained very slow till the mid sixties (Tewatia, Kalwe and Chaudhuri, 2007). Introduction of Soybean along with Nitragin Soybean inoculant imported from USA in 1964 was the first major event in bio-fertilizers history of India. Encouraged by the success of Rhizobium inoculation in Soybean, efforts were made to replace the requirement of imported inoculant with locally produced inoculants for soybean in the first phase. This was the extended to other pulses and legume oilseeds in the second phase. During 1965-1990 around 30 bio-fertilizers production laboratories were set up in the country to meet the demand (Venkataraman Tilak, 1990) and lot of schemes were formulated to infer their use in different legume crops. Starting from few tonnes, production and consumption increased gradually and reached a moderate figure of 1000MT by 1988-89. During this period Rhi zobium inoculants was dominating with other bio-fertilizers also starting to make their presence felt such as Azotobacter. Nineties saw a dramatic surge in bio-fertilizers industry with adding of new bio-fertilizers such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSBs added to the list and total production jump from 1000MT(1989) to 10,000MT (2000) (Dwivedi and Motsara, 2001 Bhattacharya Dwivedi, 2004). The growth of bio-fertilizer started with the initiation of field of study Project on Development and use of Bio-fertilizers during 1983-84 which continued up

The Powers of the Core Executive

The Powers of the Core ExecutiveMy chosen question sh every see me discuss how the domesticise of the British State affected the power of the center field executive. I shall be focusing on key themes much(prenominal) as imageing into the opinion of the event executive and how its seen to receive traditionally operated, including the Westminster model. I shall discuss reasons into the relationships and powers within the philia executive, focusing directly on Thatcher v Blair. I leave behind go onto discussing the reforms within the British State, explaining what they argon and how they operate, and how they affect the core executive. I shall look at the different perspectives of the contemporary core executive by looking into the hollowed let on and differentiated policy systems. Lastly I shall look at eventuality core executive model in the lead concluding.****** purpose of the core executive and traditional perspectives of its operation ie Westminster model..What is the core executive?The core executive is at the very centre of British organization. It covers the very complex web of institutions, net deeds and practices surrounding the prep are Minister, cabinet, cabinet see as puff up as beamtees and the less formalised groups. Smith.J.M (1999). It focuses on roles not just social structures also it has to be ready to react at all times as certain incidents such as the London riots would watch caused a reaction within the core executive. This is known as fire-fighting, managing a crisis suddenly some(prenominal)times a matter of life and death. POLITICS AND GOVERNENCE pg 96.The treasury is al expressions within the core executive, as every time it agrees to commit resources to a specific area its denying its resources elsewhere. Therefore the treasury maintains a structure of balance within the core executive. POLITICS AND GOVERNENCE IN UK PG 116.Westminster archetype is seen to be an organising material, one which is built on the assum ption that there is parliamentary sovereignty. It is argued that the Westminster Model was failing ascribable to the reform of the establishment and as a phallus of the European Union. Smith.J.M (1999). It is a dominant figure over the central government, with its organization troupe mainly in the House of Commons. The main characteristics of the Westminster model unconnected from parliamentary sovereignty are that the cabinet ministers have collective responsibility, party discipline maintained and voters are offered a choice between parties, GOVERNENCE PG 48.****** argue over relationships and power in core executive- cabinet v PM v Presidential style government, maybe utilising Thatcher and Blair example..There is an on-going debate over relationships and powers within the core executive. Along with this are the different styles of government which every leader adopts to their own personal style. The main figure heading is the Prime Minister, in which all policies have to be passed and accepted before they take their place within society. The Prime Minister also represents the kingdom during international debates and relations. The Cabinet is another prominent figure within the core executive it tends to consist of around 20-23 ministers, each is appointed by the Prime Minister themselves. The Cabinet helps with government business such as popular expenditure and constitutional things. The Cabinet is unvoicedly supported by the civilian Service. McEwan.N (2004).The Prime Minister V Cabinet debate has gone on for many years and shall continue to be seen as a conflict between two important figure bodies. Relating strongly to the circumstances and the resources that are available at the time, may determine who may take the jumper cable role. Prime Ministers are dependent on the support of the cabinet and with kayoed the abstract team work wouldnt be a successful unit.Blair V Margaret Thatcher.Its viewd that the sufferance of Margaret Thatcher w as forced upon her as she failed to recognise her dependency on colleagues within the core executive. This was due to her ignoring pleas and views from colleagues during a recession and unpopularity in the polls. During 1980 and 1990 Thatcher was seen to be a strong figure but this started to deteriorate rapidly causing more resignations on a lower floor her such as John Major. THE CORE EXEC IN BRITAIN PG 102. Tony Blair did follow some traits left behind by Margaret Thatcher, but he also introduced earthshaking changes to the way in which the government was run.Blair and Thatcher between them are the two eight-day serving choice ministers in the last hundred years. Thatcher when in government instituted reforms within British government, as well as opening up economic and global competition. BRITISH POLITICS PG 302.*****Reforms in the British body politic, what are they? What has been their effect? How have they affected the core executiveThere have been many reforms within th e British state over the years, with each prime minister bringing in reforms that they believe are needed at that time. Margaret Thatcher had big involvement in the reform of the central government when she was in power. Thatcher valued to reduce the size of the state by reducing the heart and soul of civil servants. This was mainly due to privatisation thatcher believed that by reforming the central government it would change by reversal more efficient and better value for money. CORE EXEC PG 200.With many bare-assed reforms being introduced this brings implications to the core executive such as resources and relationships, and how they are utilised. Thatcher wanted to increase the power of authority and was committed to ensure that the reforms she brought in wouldnt be easy to reverse. CORE EXEC PG 212. Tony Blair was known to be trying to adjust the way in which the core executive was set up, after Margaret Thatcher. With the British state being a parliamentary one the core e xecutive works within a parliamentary framework. The core executive has lost power, due to the reform and the movement of powers within the core executive. It is believed by Rhodes that the differentiated principle has had a great impact on the core executive do it more ab pop come out co-ordination rather than direction of power. PAGE242. A key issue that comes out of this is that the ministers within the core executive can identify what involve to be done to improve British society, but its whether they have the tolerate resources to do so.*****Different perspectives of the contemporary core executive ie Rhodes hollowed out model and differentiated canon and Ric breatheds and Smiths dependency/resource exchange and contingency core executive modelThere are different perspectives of the contemporary core executive I am focusing on Rhodess hollowed out and differentiated polity models.Rhodess Differentiated Polity model is one of the nigh complex attempts at providing a conte mporary organising perspective on the British system of government. There are many key strands to the differentiated polity including policy networks, power dependence, governance, intergovernmental relations and a hollowed out state. GOV AND P.P IN UK PG 20.The hollowing out of the state is the most important aspect of the differentiated polity model. The hollowing out of the state summarises many changes which have taken place in the British government. GOV AND P.P IN UK PG 26. Rhodes 1997 states that central government authority has been reduced and dispersed- upward to the supranational level.Outwards through privatisation and market testing. (Core executive.)Downwards, through the creation of quangos and agencies.British government is seen to be hollowed out from the top as a case of our membership with the European Union. A few factors that are seen to be trustworthy for hollowing out are globalisation, Europeanization, internationalism and privatisation.Privatisation can be nefit the government such as it helps raise a lot of money, which can be and then spent on public expenditure. It also encourages private investments as well as reducing power of trade unions.Globalisation and its causes are hard to identify and it has many levels. Consequently its brought down to economic, social, political and scientific developments in which people associate globalisation. GOV PUB POL UK PG 126, Prime Ministers and Cabinet officials believe that globalisation has changed politics and made it problematic.******Conclusion..

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter, written in the 1800s by Anti-Transcendentalist Nathaniel Hawthorne, tells the story of Hester Prynne. Young Hester watchd in New England, about the identical time witch trials were whitewash conducted, and she is found guilty of carrying a gratify whose father she refuses to confess. The avengement for this crime is from then until the rest of her life, Hester had to bear a stitched A on her breast. This A carries the namesake of the harbor, The Scarlet Letter. Although thought to be an embarrassment and earn of torture for Hester, this orange red letter seems to become a sense of presumption for Prynne. This scarlet letter grows to become a part of Hester an identification to her child Pearl. The scarlet letter is a constant recurring symbol in Hawthornes novel, but it doesnt satisfy only one purpose. As many symbols work to do, the scarlet letter serves numerous functions, which enhance the story. The first and most perspicuous symbol would be the ac tual A that was stitched on Hesters chest. In this example, the scarlet letter was a symbol for the entire world to see and roast Prynne for her wrong-doing This use of public humiliation for Hester was thought to be necessary to punish and teach Prynne a lesson. This puts much focus on the way lot harass and torture others simply because they feel other people control done things morally wrong and deserve punishment. While the wrong-doers are beingness punished, the punishers in turn commit wrongs. Here many questions arise. Was it wrong for Hester to prolong her childs father a secret from the public? Was is wrong for her to have to live her life as a walking, breathing example of what that Boston residential district thought was bad? Another usage of symbol in this book was what the scarlet letter becomes for Hester. This punishment which was branded into her soul for eternity starts to cant gears as the novel progresses. The sentence for her crime starts to become more a part of her than she would ever have imagined. Although the origin of the A to the public was, is, and always lead be for her crime of adultery, which was at that time considered illegal and immoral, but it withal gives her public recognition. The recognition was of course bad at first, but it was still a way that turned all heads, and eyes were on Hester.

Perspectives on Fear :: Personal Narrative Writing

At the University of California at Irvine, experiments in rats indicate that the geniuss hormonal reaction to fear can be inhibited, change intensity the formation of memories and the emotions they evoke (Baard).Sometimes I wealthy person trouble cat sleeping. I lie in bed for hours while my mind churns through fadeless streams of fragmented thoughts and memories, bits of brain matter that I do not break time for in my waking life. I have tried the homeopathic remedies. I drink calming teas, take showers, and inhale scents advertised to produce sleep and relaxation. I even have a lavender discern pillow. Nevertheless, when I am inflicted with a b divulge of sleeplessness, there is usually precise little I can do but wait it out. I stay away from sleep drugs. The streetlamp outside paints shapes across the wall succeeding(prenominal) to my bed. I can see them in the darkness, dull orange lines that have become familiar in my many restless nights. At the total of their c anvas, they intersect to form a rectangle. A rectangle? For months I believed in this verity of form with the inborn certainty that accompanies that which is obvious. I didnt have to phone about it. Nightly, I would study the shape in a sleep haze, unconsciously harboring knowledge of its regularity. Except that it is not a rectangle. Two forty seven. Nearly three hours after my first attempt at sleep, I stared up at the wall and realized for the first time the distortion within the orange light. Where the lines connected to form the shape, the rectangle, were angles. Obtuse and acute, they had none of the radiate regularity that geometry dictates of a true rectangle. The outline on the wall was crooked, skewed, an weak representation of the form. I tend to think of my memories as shoeboxes, precise, neatly changeless components that stack tidily in the mind. Somehow I have instruct myself to believe that in regularity and order I will publish the diagram of my true self, a clear-cut explanation for all that I think, say, and do. But in sleepless nights I realize that even superannuated recurring thoughts can be strangely misshapen, and I am propel into a tailspin. My memories of experiencing fear seem contorted. Among the most vivid of my recollections, they stand out with their potent doses of color, emotion, and experience. They have been with me so long that I rarely irresolution the nature of their composition.

Terrorism: Paranoia and the Internet Essay -- Terror Terrorists Web Cy

Terrorism Paranoia and the InternetMy third edition American inheritance dictionary defines paranoia as a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur. Having looked that up, Im not sure paranoia is the right label for what Im slightly to write about or at least, it is not the only label. I think, specifically regarding terrorist act (by maybe more generally as well), the idea of paranoia blurs and blends at its boundaries amongst propaganda (the systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause) and precept (a corpus of doctrines set forth by a pietism or an authoritative principle or belief, esp. one considered to be utterly true) and sensationalism (the use of lurid or exaggerated matter, esp. in writing, journalism, or politics). Differentiating amongst these is more difficult than I would have imagined in front I began reading and researching on the Internet.The first Internet text I would like to consider comes from the Christian Broadcasting Netw orks website (www.cbn.com). It is the text of a crushed leather release Pat Robertsons Statement Regarding Terrorist Attack. Pat Robertson explains the reason for the horrific events of kinfolk 11th. our nations great cities and innocent people were ravished, according to Robertson, because God has lifted His protection from us. why? Robertson answers by condemning Americas capitalist economy, condemning Americas foundation in the rights to reposition speech and expression, condemning those Americans who support a womans right to choose, and condemning the American governments enforcement of the separation of church and state. To me, Robertsons ideas, further exemplified in the following excerpts, seem unconditional and sensationalistAll over ... ...Government, and how to organize violent militia groups. The motion facing us, as an open society, is how to respond to the most controversial and native uses of this new technology, this electronic, global Gutenberg printing pres s that turns all citizens into publishers who can cut into thousands and even millions of people around the country and the world. I think the tactual sensation that fear is the goal of terrorists is of central importance to this issue. Terrorists ask, strive, aim to incite terror. They want fear, anxiousness, and paranoia to fester amongst their targets. So, maybe it is the case that media and Internet abet this sense of paranoia except in any case, it is the goal of the terrorists. And in a terrifyingly successful terrorist attack like that of September 11th, it makes sense that the nation would be left in a state of shock, terror, and paranoia.

The Criticisms of Kohlbergs Moral Development Stages Essay -- Moral D

The Criticisms of Kohlbergs Moral Development StagesPart OneThe literary criticisms of Kohlbergs righteous development breaker points come out to center around three major points, his inquiry rules, the regression of stage four, and fin solelyy his goals.The first criticism that I would like to address is that of his research methods. Kohlberg is often criticized for not only his subject selection, but also the methods by which he tries to extricate data from those subjects. His initial study consisted of school boys from a private institution in Chicago. The problem with this is fairly obvious, that this does not give a significant portion of the population to allow for generalized conclusions. In other words, how can we test some boys from Chicago and ascertain that this is how all tribe develop mankindwide?I believe that the answer to this criticism comes from the theory that it relates to. Kohlbergs moral development schema is highly dependent upon the intellection that there are fundamental truths that cannot be dismissed. These ideas are in the ethoxyethane, wound into the very fabric that constructs human nature. Granted, his descriptions of the various stages also come out very dependent upon the surroundings and social institutions that an individual would be subjected to. until now these institutions would be have to be built upon people, all of whom would share these ideologic truths. It seems fairly obvious that all people have undeniable needs, survival of the fittest and some group membership. Kohlbergs stages are merely methods by which one could satisfy these needs. For instance, Spartan societies were adamant about maintaining the purity and strength of the civilization. Citizens saw no wrong in exposing a sick or lame muff to the elements so that it might die. Surely an act of cruelty today, but in that society, a necessary evil The prosperity and wealth of the whole was of great importance than that of the individual.In additi on to these justifications, additional research substantiated Kohlbergs claims. Different subjects were tested, from all ages and regions, and the like conclusions were drawn from the data. Assuming that these conclusions are correct, and the data leads to the same interpretation, is there each other possibility? This argument seems most impressive, especially considering the differences between people that are evident in everyday life. Similarities ... ...o a small agree to fit their needs. In conclusion, it seems that there is definitely a way to intermix the Kohlberg justice theme and the Gilligan caring theme of moral development. Mr. Kohlberg provides a method to police a society that does not include 100 portion utopian citizens. Ms. Gilligan gives us the ability to relate to each and every person, as a person. She indicates ways that we can identify with their perspectives, understand their needs, and compromise. Although the real world seems infinitely more complex tha n either of these postures, they bear a scare resemblance to real societies and real people. Maybe someday, a perfect model will be constructed, judged by a perfect path of moral development. Until then, I hope that I have found a healthy combination of these two ideas. One last side note I think I could spend weeks typing a paper on this subject. There are thousands of facets of each system that could fit into the others potential flaws. However, I think Ive been long-winded enough as it is. I have assay to make my points as succinct and reasonable as possible, but without sacrificing incisively what I wanted to say. Thank you for your patience.

American History X :: essays research papers

In publicy ship canal, the media must be involved in ethnic and racial issues. The media is to provide the public with information useful to them. The media is on the publics side. Racial stereotyping is a problem that is out in the public. Drugs, teen pregnancy, child abuse and rape argon also problems that collide with the pack of the world everyday. The media has a job to make these issues aware to the people and possibly put together a form of solutions. Some ways of addressing issues are blunt and common but so are the problems. I dont think the media can address the issue of racialism without stepping into a stereotype somewhere but I also see the media is obligated to address the obvious false stereotypes and offer ways to give the bounce them as well. American History X is a pictorial matter that at one time addresses the issue of race and deals with some very serious issues in a sm in all town. There are a group of white kids that harbor been influenced by Adolf Hi tlers beliefs and they are very hateful toward blacks, Jews, and any early(a) race that is different than theirs. They all have Nazi signs tattooed on their bodies and their heads are completely shaved. There are very negative viewpoints in the start half of the movie toward blacks and Jews. The N word is used very freely and many of the actions of each group is quite accurate. Although this movie is very harsh and straight forward, their is a great amount of truth in all of the actions of each cultural group. One of the young white men declare a black man breaking into his truck and the black man ends up murdered in a very cruel manner. The movie is a lesson. A lesson closely reality but also about how wrong reality can be. After spending years in prison, the attitude of this man is different toward black people and he has a hard time relaying this new attitude to his little brother cover song home and to the friends he had before going to prison.

Americas Oil Problem Essay -- American Economy, Oil Industry

The United States is in a recession and depends on opposeders to fuel our country. petroleum companies atomic number 18 taking profit of the power they have over gas prices and the economy is at bingle of the lowest points in all of our history. It can be seen that the way things atomic number 18 going now that change needs to occur for the States to scramble back on its feet. Drastic changes will need to happen if we are going to continue to enjoy living in a real advanced and prominent country. By developing proper onshore oil color production techniques, and alternate energy, America could eliminate debt and lessen dependence on foreign oil.As it stands, oil companies have a firm grasp of the American economy. As the price of oil increases, the price of living also increases. non only that, but they are getting away with paying dues they owe. anele companies have escaped more than 60 billion dollars in royalties because of a loophole to get access to more leases. The United States is the third largest producer of oil in the world, and 31 percent of that production comes from land owned by the federal government (Offshore Drilling Will Enrich Big Oil Companies 2). America maintains this title even though Americas crude oil productiveness has decreased since 1985 (Crude Oil Production 1). Currently, oil is becoming more overpriced and damaging the economy while America is becoming more low-level on foreign oil decreasing productivity and narrowing inshore drilling. The oil industry is making an immense profit. Oil companies that secured leases in 1998 and 1999 havent been paying royalties, even though a bill signed in November of 1995 postulate royalties to be paid in proportion to the oil profit made. An showcase of a company profiting because of this is West Texas Inte... ...ational security. As ballotrs, and hereafter voters, we need to vote for candidates that understand the colossal importance of using renewable energy and shorewar d drilling to start a recovery of the economy and keep America as a power figure. It will cost billions of dollars for research and perfecting inshore drilling, but it is a long-term investment that will have an rattling(a) payout. If America was to fail in alternative energy research and offshore drilling have multiple spills the worse that could happen is we go further into debt. The country is already trillions deep into debt. Taking a risk and purpose other ways to generate profit is how we will stimulate growth. The future is here. Fossil fuels will not last forever. If America leads the charge into the renewable energy field we can continue to be a very powerful nation and get the economy back on track.

Public Policy Problems In The Environment :: essays research papers

Public policy is defined by Websters as the The basic policy or set of policies forming the foundation of public laws, oddly such policy not yet formally enunciated. The United States regimen has many policies in the area of the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was shitd in 1970 to help identify environmental troubles in our nation, and to set policy on how to deal with those problems. Yet, with so much money spent by the politics to deal with problems with the environment, it must be noted that problems still exist, even at heart the bureaucracy that was meant to help in the first place. During the presidential campaign of the become election, an issue arose concerning the energy crisis that was driving gasoline and oil prices up throughout our country. Vice President Al Gore supported President Clintons ideology of waiting for the proper legislative initiatives to pass through Congress, and when the spatial relation merited, provide some limited rele ases of oil from the national oil reserve. candidate George W. Bush, on the other had, favored oil production in the government defend lands of Alaska to find future oil reserves so that America would no longer be so dependent on foreign oil. The problem with Bushs plan, according to Gore, was that this could be devastating to the environment of the only populated Alaskan wilderness. Regardless of the political, legal or moral implications of such drilling, there are problems dealing with multiple types of rationality in this issue. In his book Reason in Society, Paul Diesing describes six major types of rationality. These embarrass technical, economic, social, legal, political and ecological rational. It is easy to comprehend that this environmental issue involves each one of these types of rationality. First of all, the technical rationality is demonstrated through the principal of whether or not oil can be found in Alaska, and if it could, would there be enough present to r eally make a dramatic difference for the consumer? It must also be considered as to how this drilling may effect the environment of this area. Technical rationality also questions whether or not there are ways to drill that can mayhap leave the natural resources of this area with as little human hurly burly as possible. Engineers and scientists can try to come up with ways to create a process with which the area will not be devastated by the involvement with man in those areas.

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Trueblood and the Statue :: Invisible Man Essays

True livestock and the Statue in Ellisons hidden Man   Trueblood, in camouflaged Man, is well developed, interesting character. He is the sullen man who sleeps with his wife and daughter and gets them both pregnant.   To start off, the name Trueblood itself is ironic. His blood is no longer true because it has been contaminated by a sculpture sin-he slept with his own kin Truebloods story of dreaming when having trip out with his daughter is a bit fantastic, and yet it is credible. Thus, his name could excessively mean he speaks the truth. Ellison superpower be using the name as a technique (besides empathy) to nurse Truebloods story credence.   Trueblood is ignorant and this blinds society of him. The initially pompous narrator describes him as too ignorant on page 48. This is furthered when Trueblood cant understand Mr. Norton. Mr. Norton said on the same page You feel no inner turmoil, no choose to cast out the offending eye? he says Im all right, suh. My look is all right too. Dr. Bledsoe didnt want Mr. Norton to see Trueblood-he is trying to harbor the image of black society away from the downtrodden blacks. Thus, society is being unbroken hidden from Trueblood and Trueblood is being kept hidden from society. But, this aloofness is not without merits. Truebloods repentance for his actions, and his belief that a man dont leave his family attest to his self-imposed morality. piety formed without the benefit of a guiding society. This is just like the Invisible Man. He found his own morality after relinquishing societies guidelines.   Trueblood also raises the issue of blindness to reality. He doesnt have sex with his daughter speckle fully conscious. Instead, he sleeps with her when he was dreaming. In this dream, he metaphorically describes his informal experience I runs and runs till I should be tired merely aint tired but feelin more rested as I runs... single Im still in the tunnel. Then way up ahead I sees a bright light like a jack-o-lantern everyplace a graveyard. It gits brighter and brighter...it burst like a great big electric car light in my eyes (59). He doesnt realize he is having sex at all He was completely oblivious to reality. He is in a dream state, where nothing that is happening is real. This is just like near of the Invisible Mans life.

Football Essay examples -- Sports Game

Though beaten, bloody, and drained of energy, the ii teams in competition still zest for achievement and strive to defeat their opp angiotensin-converting enzyments. Both teams can smell victory in the air and give their all to come out on top of this foot fruitcake game plunk for. All kinds of emotions stir, and as the men pound at apiece other constantly, the crowd roars. Because of all of the intensity involved in the game, football is on of the worlds most popular fluctuations, however, concord the game of football is not easy. football is a complex pleasure in its origin, evolution, and rules of the game.It is said that the forerunner of American football was a game called harpaston, compete by the ancient Greeks. Similar to moderne football, the object of harpaston was to do a ball across a goal line by strike uping, throwing, or running with it. However, most modern versions of football originated in England in the twelfth century. A certain form of football was known during this time, and it became so popular that it was banned because it took away from the military sport of archery. Modern football is a mixture of soccer- where a ball is kicked to opposite goals by two opposing teams and they have to def give notice their own goal and try to kick the ball into the opposite goal, and rugby- in which players run with the ball and tackle each other.The first football game was known as the Boston Game, and was played at Harvard University. Harvard accepted a challenge from McGill University, who played a sport somewhat like English Rugby Football. In the early age of football, each team used twenty-five players at a time. In 1873, it was reduced to twenty players, in 1876 to fifteen players, and in 1880 to eleven players, where it has remained. The modern game of football is played on a sports stadium degree centigrade yards longs and 53.5 yards wide. Each team defends on end of the field, which is known as an end zone. The end zone is ano ther ten yards added on to the length of the field on each side. The object of the game is to carry, pass, or kick the ball into the opposing end zone and to score. In the middle of the back of each endzone be goalposts, through where the ball is kicked to score points. This is known as a field goal, which is worth three points. Carrying or passing the ball successfully into the endzone is called a touchdown, which is worth six points. Then, the team has the opti... ...ave evolved to hard plastic and are equipped with a protective face mask. The shoulder pads are some(prenominal) larger and are also make of plastic and foam, which absorbs much more of the impact. The thigh, hip knee, and tail (commonly known as butt pads) pads are made of foam and prevent the player from injured while being tear in the lower body. The equipment used today is much more risk-free than it was in the early days of football and has evolved for the better over the historic period. Football players today have much less to worry about as far as hurting while getting hit.Football is one of the most popular sports today, and for good reasons. The intensity involved is football is conflicting any other sport, and this attracts mass to football. The way the game has evolved over the years also intrigues audiences to gather around to watch. The sports industry today has become a great part of entertainment in the world. Because football is a genuinely large portion of the sports industry, it is very important to many people. Large groups of people dedicate their entire lives to the game of football and without it, the world would be a completely different place. SourcesNew World Encyclopedia 1991

The Effect of Racism in Schools on Education Essays -- Papers

The Effect of Racism in Schools on Education I fresh years there have been considerable interest in the educational performance of ethnic minorities. A number of studies have been carried on this issue, a common example is the government - sponsored Swann Committee narrative Education for all. This report card carries out research on different aspect on educational performance, and one aspect that stands out form all is, racism in school. Although the precise findings of studies have varied, most have found that, overall, ethnic minorities (blacks, Asians and an early(a)(prenominal) nationalities) tend to do less well than other members in the population. The Swann report found important differences between ethnic minorities children and white children. From a ken of five LEAs it was found that Asian children did almost as well as whites or others. Asians were slightly less likely than others to get five or more graded results in GCSE exam or any othe r sort of important examination qualifications. Although the Swann report did stress the importance of the Asian partnership doing quite well, a certain type of Asian community known as the Bangladeshi did particularly bad, was this, the result of racism or the result of ignorance. The Swann report found out that the average performance of west Indians was considerably worse than that of whites. A shocking five per centum of westbound Indians passed an A Level and only one percent went off to university. either though not is all shocking a large percent of ethnic minorities between the age of 16 and 19 were in skillful time education. This can be backed up by Jones (sociologist) suggestion. Jones suggested that th... ...wn in subservient social roles such as servants. Coard claims that the people whose lives are canvas and acclaimed are white. Black culture, music and art are all patent by their absence from the curriculum, (IV) The attitudes t o race conveyed in the classroom are built by the pupils outside it. In playground arguments white children may visit by describing West Indians as black bastards. Research has shown that teachers expect black children to tell on and this produces a self fulfilling prophecy in which they live up to the foreboding they have been labeled with. Not only are black children vie in lower sets, they themselves believe that they are certain to fail. Research shows that a majority of West Indian children are portrayed by their teachers as underachievers with disciplinary problems.

Transformation Essay -- essays research papers

America is ever changing. Over the centuries it has transformed in some(prenominal) guidances. There has been an increase in immigrants, especially Hispanics, which has caused a transformation of both words and culture. Richard Rodriguez in his book Brown The Last Discovery of America, and in other essays has brought his views on these matters and presents brown as a new way of describing America. Brown as color as impurity as expression as America. Richard Rodriguez is a writer who is artistic, and has an idealistic way of recounting things. In his essay Late Victorians he writes how a woman jumps make the prosperous Gate Bridge in San Francisco. He describes it as before she stepped onto the sky. To earthly concern like a spilled purse at my feet, (Encounters, 496) He compares the woman smasher the ground as a spilled purse. When you think of a spilled purse you seizet think of tragedy, so his comparing this insignifi derrieret incident of a purse hitting the ground to the death of a woman catches you off guard. Rodriquez says it in such a tranquil manner that the tragedy seems to be unrealistic. He again shows romanticism somewhere else in the essayOn a Sunday in summer, ten years ago, I was base on balls home from the Latin mass at Saint dabricks, the old Irish parish downtown, when I saw thousands of people on Market Street. It was San Franciscos queer Freedom Day parade- non marching backs. There were floats. Banners blocked single lives thematically into a processional mass, not unlike the consortiums of the blessed in rebirth painting, each saint cherishing the apparatus of his martyrdom. (493)Rodriguezs comparing the parade with spectral allusions makes it more glorious. He compares the parade of floats and banners to a processional mass. He satirically portrays gays as saints just as he is coming from church, which considers homosexuality as a sin. He is basically beautifying the parade. He romanticizes to capture your attention and to m eet you into his world. He wants you to see things as he sees them. He wants to defy anyone whosays what is charm to my voice (Brown, xi).Rodriguez, in his essay putzs Avocado, expresses b rown as impurity, (Brown, 194). This brown is not brown as color but as something mixed, confused, lumped, impure, unpasteurized, as motives are mixed(Peters Avocado, 197). However, brown can be... ...of the United States not for the battles and politics, but for the transformation and complexity of language that occurred finished the centuries. I eulogize a literature that is suffused with brown, with allusion, irony, paradox-ha -pleasure, (Preface, xi).With disconnected allusions, metaphors, and unrealism Rodriguez not only conveys his ideas throughout his essays but also is able to show us part of himself as a writer. He respects peoples role in society. He treasures how assimilation can change a culture. He has a passion for brown for converting color and race. He loves language for its co ntinuous changes that it has been through over time. He values transformation, whether it is of color, culture, language, or a nation. Work Cited1.Rodriguez, Richard. Late Victorians, and The Achievement of Desire. Encounters Essays for Exploration and Inquiry. 2nd ed. Ed. Pat C. Hoy II and Robert DiYanni. New York McGraw-Hill, 2000. 475-492, 493-505----. The Triad of Alexis de Tocqueville, In the Brown Study, The Prince and I, Peters Avocado, and Hispanic. Brown The Last Discovery of America. New York Penguin Putnam Inc, 2002.

Use of detailed satire in modest proposal :: essays research papers

The use of detailed satire through and through A Modest ProposalThe use of detailed satire is rattling evident in A Modest Proposal. A writers hand that brings the reviewers eye to the doing of sociopolitical policies on the Irish by the English landlords and politicians in the early 1700s, could have only(prenominal) belonged to Jonathon lively. fast skillfully addresses the suffering caused by English policies in Ireland as thoroughly as holding the Irish accountable for their passivity. Swift begins by exploitation a gradual egression, setting the tone of the current situation in Dublin, only to shock the reader at his proposal of cannibalism, specifically of unsalted children, to help alleviate the economic burdens imposed by the English and authorized by the Irish. In laying the foundation for his proposal, Swift suggests the benefits for all save my intention is very far from be confined to provide only for thechildren of professed beggars it is of a much greater e xtent, and shall take in the whole get along of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our brotherly love in the streets. Swift continues on, using excruciating detail, suggesting preparation for dining, the appropriate minute of dinner guests the young child will feed, and the price of such a feast. All the while this morbid suggestion is detailed rationally. Swift brilliantly targets the English landlords when he addresses the price of the food, and how it is appropriate since as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children. Swifts use of detail purposely takes the reader away from the proposal to essay the examples of how cannibalism has worked elsewhere, only in a satiric effort to show the reader this is not the way to improve the city of Dublin. The build-up of this proposal continues to its conclusion where Swift has taken the reader to the actual expedien ts, although rejecting them for no hope of them ever being

Politics and Power in Today’s Corporate World Essay -- Corporations Po

Politics and role in nowadayss corporeal landAn rough-and-ready organization focuses on watertight lead, reason and political issues. These comp iodinents argon critical to creating an organization mindful of values, morality, culture and innovation. Analyzing the use of great occasion and goerning ar essential to experienceing the bearing of individuals within organizations. There atomic number 18 two sides to baron and government. In cardinal respect king and political science imply the shady side of leading. However, indi arset and politics butt be affirmatory tools that managers use to accomplish tasks. This subject defines power and politics and examines how ane can be used to sour the other in a positive way, thus resulting in gain, and in a ostracize, corruptive way, which at last leads to destruction of an organization.POWER military group has been draw as the last irritating word. M nonpareily is easier than power for most concourse to talk just about. People who soak up power deny it people who lack power try not to appear to be seeking it, and those who argon bang-up at get power are secretive about how they got it (Kanter, 1979). The essence of power is control. In organizational behavior power is delineate as the ability of haughty the behavior of others. index finger is the force one uses to get things done. force and leadership should not be confused. Leadership achieves goals and power is the means to facilitate their achievement. Power focuses on the tactics for gaining compliance piece of music leadership focuses on style. Power is not without entice. One has deflect when one has power. Power and influence are key components when a person is trying to achieve organizational goals. Power is divided into two categories position and in the flesh(predicate) (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2003). Power-based on a persons position has six bases coercive, reward, legitimate, process, information and re presentative (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). The coercive power base is defined as creation dependent on fear. A person will react to this power out of fear of the negative results that might occur. A manager has the power to suspend or raise an employee this gives the manager coercive power over the employee. The opposite of coercive power is reward power. People comply with the wishes or directives of another because doing so produces positive benefits. In the organization context it can apply to promotions or genial performanc... ...ely leads to destruction of an organization. Power and politics can be used to influence the success or failure of an organization. An effective organization selects strong leadership and takes precautious steps to control power and political issues. An organization that fully understands these issues creates a culture centered on values, ethics and innovation. By analyzing power and politics we are able to understand how they influence individual b ehavior in organizations. We can also better understand how they are used with good intentions and how to avoid them in destructive situations. ReferencesKantar, R. (1979). Power failure in guidance circuits. Harvard Business Review, July-August, p.65.Iwata, E. (2004, July 9). Enrons Ken demean cuffed but confident. USA Today.University of Phoenix. (Ed). (2003). organizational Behavior, University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text. magic trick Wiley Publisher. Retrieved April 9, 2005 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/331-Organizational Behavior Website https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/ imaging/resource.asphttp//money.cnn.com/2002/05/07/news/companies/enron_board/index.htmhttp//www.gatesfoundation.org Politics and Power in Todays Corporate World Essay -- Corporations PoPolitics and Power in Todays Corporate WorldAn effective organization focuses on strong leadership, power and political issues. These components are critical to creating an organization mind ful of values, ethics, culture and innovation. Analyzing the use of power and politics are essential to understanding the behavior of individuals within organizations. There are two sides to power and politics. In one respect power and politics imply the shady side of leadership. However, power and politics can be positive tools that managers use to accomplish tasks. This paper defines power and politics and examines how one can be used to influence the other in a positive way, thus resulting in gain, and in a negative, corruptive way, which ultimately leads to destruction of an organization.POWERPower has been described as the last dirty word. Money is easier than power for most people to talk about. People who have power deny it people who want power try not to appear to be seeking it, and those who are good at getting power are secretive about how they got it (Kanter, 1979). The essence of power is control. In organizational behavior power is defined as the ability of controlling the behavior of others. Power is the force one uses to get things done. Power and leadership should not be confused. Leadership achieves goals and power is the means to facilitate their achievement. Power focuses on the tactics for gaining compliance while leadership focuses on style. Power is not without influence. One has influence when one has power. Power and influence are key components when a person is trying to achieve organizational goals. Power is divided into two categories position and personal (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2003). Power-based on a persons position has six bases coercive, reward, legitimate, process, information and representative (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). The coercive power base is defined as being dependent on fear. A person will react to this power out of fear of the negative results that might occur. A manager has the power to suspend or terminate an employee this gives the manager coercive power over the employee. The opposite of coercive powe r is reward power. People comply with the wishes or directives of another because doing so produces positive benefits. In the organization context it can apply to promotions or favorable performanc... ...ely leads to destruction of an organization. Power and politics can be used to influence the success or failure of an organization. An effective organization selects strong leadership and takes precautious steps to control power and political issues. An organization that fully understands these issues creates a culture centered on values, ethics and innovation. By analyzing power and politics we are able to understand how they influence individual behavior in organizations. We can also better understand how they are used with good intentions and how to avoid them in destructive situations. ReferencesKantar, R. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, July-August, p.65.Iwata, E. (2004, July 9). Enrons Ken Lay cuffed but confident. USA Today.University o f Phoenix. (Ed). (2003). Organizational Behavior, University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text. John Wiley Publisher. Retrieved April 9, 2005 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/331-Organizational Behavior Website https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asphttp//money.cnn.com/2002/05/07/news/companies/enron_board/index.htmhttp//www.gatesfoundation.org

Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only Essay example -- pro me

The history of U.S. policy toward mind-altering substances has followed cycles of tolerance and intolerance ever since the mid-19th century. The medical use of the hemp plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient China. It has been used by most of the worlds cultures for its heal properties ( medical checkup Marijuana Cases 1). Today such conditions as Migraine headaches, Glaucoma, Cancer, Epilepsy, Asthma assist/HIV, Spinal injury, Muscle spasms, Insomnia etc., could be treated for symptomatic relief with cannabis or cannabis extract. However, cannabis is still considered an il level-headed drug in most states in the United States.Marijuana usage may confuse been common 20-30 years ago, but it really isnt any longer. Judy foreman states that a hardy band of activists seeking legislative approval of everlasting bill that would bring Massachusetts in line with 34 another(prenominal) states in letting patients with certain conditions smoke marijuana (1). 2 What was k prom ptlyn, as the wicked weed of the sixties can be good medicament . Marijuana certainly seems safer than may other drugs, even aspirin that causes gastrointestinal bleeding, killing hundreds of people every year (Grinspoon/Bakalar 4).3 There atomic number 18 stacks of drugs American society does not let people use but under doctors care, for instance, cocaine, Demerol, est. No one thinks we have legalized cocaine because we let surgeon or anesthesiologists use it. Therefore, the notion that there is a link between medical use and whether people should to be adequate to(p) to legally get stoned is nonsense. One situation does not needs include the other. Nevertheless, there has not been a single death by overdose (Foreman 4).2 As an enlightened society, we must(prenominal) reconsider the legalization of marijuana for medical use only as it eases pain and suffering of numerous illnesses.To effect changing the attitudes within our society about marijuana, one must be realistic abo ut the legislation of our own bodies. Right now cocaine and morphine are prescribed legally as medicines, and those legal uses are not adding in any significant way to the rural area drug problem. While experts debate the medical use of marijuana, patients in Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Alameda County are lining up at Cannabis Buyers Club to receive the drug. despite the coffee house atmosphere at the Cannabis Buyers Club marijuana remains illegal. Although some ch... ...ting a combined total of almost 10,000 physicians statewide endorse the proposition ( male parentt Jail Med 5).9 What can we do to admirer? We must stop building prisons instead we must rebuild our lives. deeds Cited1. Mikki, Norris, and Chris Conrad. Medical Marijuana Cases. N.p. Inernet mario lap, 1996.2. Foreman, Judy. Medical Marijuana (Acure or Curse). Boston solid ground Boston, Mass. 7 Oct. 1991 25-263. Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. Marihuana as Medicine A invocation for Reconsideration. Am erican Medical Association. 273 (June 1995) 1875-1876.4. Donnelly, Kathleen. The Cannabis Prescription. San Joes Mercury News, 6 Feb 5. Schlosser, Eric. More marijuana cigarette Madness. Atlantic Apr. 1997 90-1026. Deglamorising Cannabis. editorial Lancet 11 Nov. 1995 1241.7. Marijuana as Medicine. Editorial San Francisco Chronicle 31 Jan. 1997 A24.8. Morganthau, Tom. The War Over Weed. Newsweek 3 Feb. 1997 20+.9. Dont Jail Medicinal Marijuana Patients. Online NORML Internet. 21 Nov. 1996.10. Mikuriya, Tod. Marijuana Medical Handbook. N.p. Internet.11. Postrel, Virginia I. Reefer Madness. Washington Post 3 Mar. 1997 4.